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Start with the split, because the exam builds almost everything else on it.
Oxygenation is getting O₂ into the blood. Ventilation is moving air in and out to clear CO₂. They're two separate jobs, and they fail independently. A patient can sit at 96% on the pulse oximeter while their CO₂ climbs and their mental status slides. The oximeter is only watching one of the two jobs.
So your tools scale with which job is failing. Supplemental oxygen fixes an oxygenation deficit. CPAP supports a patient who's breathing but working too hard. BVM ventilation takes over for a patient who is not breathing adequately at all. And capnography is what tells you which of those two problems you actually have.
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